Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional, Kepemilikan Manajerial, dan Board Gender Diversity Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Manufaktur Tahun 2022-2024

This study aims to analyze the effect of institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and board gender diversity on the profitability of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2022-2024. Firm profitability is measured using Return on Assets (ROA) as a proxy. This research employs a quantitative approach with purposive sampling technique, yielding 393 observations from 131 manufacturing companies. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS 27. The results indicate that institutional ownership has a significant positive effect on profitability (B = 0.099; sig. <0.001), managerial ownership also shows a significant positive effect (B = 0.113; sig. <0.001), and board gender diversity is proven to significantly affect profitability (B = 0.046; sig. = 0.010). These findings support Agency Theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) and Resource Dependence Theory (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978), demonstrating that effective corporate governance mechanisms can enhance the profitability of manufacturing firms in Indonesia.