A QFD-PSS Approach to Designing Circular Economy-Based Sustainable Low-Carbon E-Bike Sharing Systems

This study aims to operationalize sustainability in urban mobility by integrating Quality Func- tion Deployment (QFD) with the Product-Service System (PSS) approach, using the e-bike sharing system as a case study. The methodology involves collecting user feedback through surveys and interviews, followed by the construction of a House of Quality (HoQ) to align user requirements with product and service components. A PSS-based implementation strategy was then formulated to address sustainability challenges across technical, operational, and user dimensions. Findings reveal that battery performance, fleet availability, and app functionality are critical factors affecting system sustainability. Integrating IoT-enabled charge monitoring, AI-driven fleet balancing, and microservices architecture significantly enhances system reli- ability and user satisfaction. Additionally, targeted solutions such as predictive maintenance and privacy-focused app design effectively mitigate challenges related to technical constraints and user adoption. Based on the QFD-PSS simulation and expert validation, the proposed framework is projected to yield measurable expected outcomes, including a substantial re- duction in battery-related complaints and significant optimization of peak-hour availability. By bridging user-centered design with sustainability-driven service innovation, this integrated QFD-PSS framework offers a replicable model for future sustainable mobility initiatives.