EFEKTIVITAS HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL DALAM PERLINDUNGAN HAK SIPIL PADA KONFLIK NAGORNO KARABAKH

The conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh involving Armenia and Azerbaijan has been ongoing for decades, with significant impacts on human rights, particularly for civilians caught in the midst of the violence. While international humanitarian law, enshrined in the Geneva Conventions, aims to protect individuals not involved in hostilities, its implementation on the ground often faces serious challenges. This study aims to analyze the extent to which international humanitarian law has been effective in protecting civil rights during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, by assessing the various violations that occurred, existing enforcement mechanisms, and the international response to these violations. Despite significant efforts by international organizations such as the OSCE Minsk Group, numerous violations of basic humanitarian law principles persist, including attacks on civilians, destruction of civilian infrastructure, and forced displacement. The study also identifies that the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms and the ineffectiveness of international institutions are often major obstacles to the protection of individual rights in conflict areas. Overall, while international humanitarian law provides a clear framework for the protection of civil rights, its implementation remains hampered by complex practical factors.